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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00433_Text_re26t.txt
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1997-02-04
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Often, peripheral
explanations are the first to be
proposed. In my opinion, at
least, they are usually wrong
and they die hard. Because
such an explanation will
generally be simpler than a
central one, it is good science
to begin an investigation by
testing it. But it is bad science
to cling to that explanation in
the face of strong evidence to
the contrary. Explanations in
terms of eye movements have
always been popular. Thus, in
the domain of motion
perception, such phenomena as
apparent motion, induced
movement, and the autokinetic
effect (see Chapter 7) have all
been held to be caused by eye
movements at one time or
another. Max Wertheimer, in
his famous research on
apparent movement that
launched the Gestalt approach,
found it necessary to perform a
special experiment to
demonstrate that such motion
could not be explained by eye
movements. He arranged for
one object to appear to move
leftward simultaneously with
another object appearing to
move rightward. The eyes
cannot move in opposite
directions at the same time. Eye
movements have been invoked
as the explanation of the origin
of form perception, of depth
perception based on retinal
disparity, and of the perceived
direction of all regions in the
field, an example of which is
the uprightness of vision
despite the inverted
orientation of the retinal
image.
As a contemporary example of
this controversy, consider a
phenomenon not yet
mentioned. If a figure is moved
behind a narrow, stationary
slit in an opaque surface so that
all but the segment behind the
slit is occluded at any given
moment, one still tends to
perceive the entire figure.
Helmholtz and others studied
this effect in the last century,
and Theodore Parks of the
University of California at
Davis rediscovered it in this
century. It is now referred to as
anorthoscopic perceptionΓÇöΓÇôan
abnormal way of presenting
something. How is such
perception possible? IsnΓÇÖt an
extended, simultaneous retinal
image of a figure necessary for
the perception of its shape?